A Question of Dowry - Story - 1625 Words

A QUESTION OF DOWRY 7) A story written in the early to mid-1960s; published in Twenty-two Malaysian Stories: An Anthology of Writing in English, selected and edited by Lloyd Fernando, Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Singapore, 1968, pp. 30-4. Corrections of some minor printing and other errors in the published version have been incorporated here. . Siew-Yue Killingley 1965; . Heinemann 1968, the author retaining the right to include the work in any collection exclusively of her own works two years after 1968. There was much excitement in Mrs. Ramachandran s household. The daughter of the house, Sivasothie, was going to be engaged. The festive air was laden with the spicy smell of curries and wad ¨Ã‚ ¦s sizzled in the kwali saucepan.†¦show more content†¦My father gave us four for my dowry, and our second son received three as his wife s dowry. Come now, wife! remonstrated Mr. Ramachandran. Don t you remember? We have only one piece of land left from your dowry ¡Ã‚ ªwe sold the o ther three for our third and fourth sons weddings. You asked me to do it yourself. As for Anandakrishna s land, that belongs to him, and he s already rented it out to some householders in order to get cash for his eternal drinks. Afraid of further secrets being revealed to prying ears, and being anxious to save her family s face, Mrs. Ramachandran motioned to her husband to drop the subject. However, Mr. Ramachandran continued. About the land, I m afraid it is impossible to sell it at a quarter of its former price. You see, water has been seeping out from some well for about ten years, and so the land is now too marshy for house-holding. Unless we were to drain it, no one would buy it at our sum. Are you insulting my poor father? He give me a piece of sodden land? Impossible! Oh, if he had known what sort of a son-in-law he was getting, he would have made a wiser decision. But I shall have a better son-in-law who ll not depend on his wife s dowry. He s a doctor, and he has his own income! With that she stalked out, after having locked the gold chain securely in its container again. Mr. Ramachandran looked worried, but resigned. He always found himself at a loss for words when his wife was most eloquent.Show MoreRelatedEssay about The Stand Aganist Abortion693 Words   |  3 PagesBelieve it or not, numerous amount of people in the world supports abortion. Abortion, I believe, is another type of murder, cruelly terminating a human’s pregnancy. My question is, how is it ever acceptable to kill someone who didn’t get the chance to live the life and take the advantages that they could’ve had? Taking that right away from someone, even a baby, is violating the human rights. In the essay below, I’d love to debate on why I believe sincerely that abortion shouldn’t be allowed forRead MoreThe Lion In Winter Character Analysis1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe movie, The Lion in Winter, is the story of a Christmas Court in 1183 in Ch inon Castle. The purpose is for Henry II to announce his successor to the throne; nonetheless, negotiating the crown is complex. Henry has three sons, Richard, Geoffrey, and John. Henry favors John and wants him to marry Alice while Eleanor favors Richard and wants him to be king and marry Alice. The deal with Philip II though, is that Alice has to marry Richard for the VExin to be passed on, but this is not what HenryRead MoreWoman Must Marry in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay604 Words   |  3 Pagesa very intellectual man, and Mrs. Bennet cannot match him. He married her for her beauty, and she married him because he could financially care for her. As Mrs. Bennet’s beauty faded, so did his love for her. This is partially why Mr. Bennet questions Elizabeth so extensively about her feelings for Mr. Darcy. Once he is ensured that Lizzie is marrying for love he tells her he could not part with her for anyone less worthy. Jane and Elizabeth shared the same radical idea of marrying a man becauseRead MoreThe Reflection of Life During the Renaissance in Literature1601 Words   |  7 Pagesothers. With each woman role within the family came a specific job or duty. The role of the daughter was to hold honor, virginity, and to link lineages. The role of the mother was to conceive, and raise children. The role of the wife was to hand over a dowry, create textile crafts, supervise servants, and take care of the sick. The role of the widow was to return to her father’s household, marry again, or enter a religious convent. Although women were to only hold these roles, Thomas More, the authorRead More Women in India Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaths from septic abortions to unsafe abortions. The article Missing Sisters raises the point that these practices continue to thrive with promotional slogans such as Pay 500 rupees now and save 50,000 later. The 50,000 rupees refers to the dowries that are traditionally paid by the brides family to that of the groom. It has been estimated that there are some 11.2 million abortions per year, of which 6.7 million are induced. In rural areas there are 3 illegal abortions for every legalRead More Katharina and Petruchio from The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare1041 Words   |  5 Pagesis obedient, the taming is complete and they are married living happily together. Petruchio has one of the main parts to play in the book as the tamer while Katahrina is alongside him as the shrew, which in turn makes up the title of the story. Katharina is very argumentative, disagreeable and violent with all her suitors and indeed Bianca, for example the stage directions say that, Katharina with a whip stands over Bianca, who crouches by the wall, her hands tied behind her. (ActRead MoreModern-day Indian Breaking the Shackles of Caste and the Past by Aravind Adiga1057 Words   |  4 Pagesand the Past Aravind Adiga effectively captures the true image of modern India through the story of the fictional character Balram Halwai. The novel takes the reader through the struggles of class that exist in India at a time when the country is undergoing rapid modernization and globalization. The novel contradicts the exotic image of India that is generally represented in literature (for example, the stories of Rudyard Kipling.) Instead the novel familiarizes us with the complications that have emergedRead MoreThe God Of Small Things And Chemmeen1616 Words   |  7 Pagesdaughter of a fisherman in the fishing village of Kerala. They are very poor and her father can not even afford to set aside a dowry for her when she gets married. In their fishing village, there is a myth that states that if a woman is not chaste during her marriage then her husband will face trouble or die at sea. From a young age, Karuthamma had been told these stories. One of Karuthamma’s friends is a Muslim man by the name of Pareekutty and she finds falling in love with him towards the end ofRead MorePlay on Social Evils: -Dowry1613 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish play on social evils {dowry} The Demanded Dowry Characters:- Narrator[N] Ghosh Family-Mr. Ghosh [FG], Mrs. Ghosh [MG], Sagar [son] Rai Family-Mr. Rai [FR], Mrs. Rai [MR], Sagarika [daughter] Story N:-Today we, the seven members {names} of this play greet you all. Here we have in our play Mr. Rai being played by XYZ†¦. He is a retired person who had worked in Indian navy before. Now we have Mrs. Rai being played by XYZ†¦. She isRead MoreThe Great Epics And Tales1605 Words   |  7 Pagessuicide on death of their husband), dowry, rape,child-marriage, eve-teasing etc. are still prevalent in this society. The question to this day is why are women still considered to be the weaker sex? Where did it all start from? In the year 2016, It is highly unfortunate that today we hear stories of Indian parents not letting their girls study, marrying them at a very young age, not willing to spend on their education, offering insane amount of money as dowry for their marriage, stopping them from

Third Wave Feminism First And Second Wave - 1813 Words

Essay 2: Third Wave Feminism First and second wave feminists succeeded in legal and social rights. In addition, they achieved the right to vote, higher education, and the right to their own body. Although, third wave feminists obtained these rights, they differentiated from focusing on laws and political processes like first and second wave feminists did. Instead, third wave feminists strived for individualism and diversity. Unlike labeling each other as feminists, the third wave departed from this idea and sought diversity. Third wave became more open for women of all colors, religions, sexual preferences, and ethnicities. The legal and social rights accomplished by the first and second wave gave some advantages to third wave feminism,†¦show more content†¦Feminists in the third wave tackled: body, gender, stereotypes, sexuality, color, and the empowerment of women. Third wave feminists criticized the first and second wave of feminism for creating a static identity in politics and overall asserting to white privilege over its main goals. Nevertheless, third wave feminists also criticized the previous waves for its political theories. First wave feminism adopted the core values of liberal feminism. â€Å"Liberal feminism is feminism that works within the structure of mainstream society to integrate women into that structure† (Kinds of Feminism). This simply meant that feminists during the first wave did not want to change the traditional society but to incorporate women and to improve society. As stated previously, first wave wanted women to be incorporated into voting decisions, political and economically. Second wave feminism adopted the theories of radical feminism. Radical feminism can be explained women who believe society must change at the core, unlike the first wave. Radical feminism wanted to overrule the male dominance and shun away from a patriarchal order. Although two distinctly different political theories, third wave feminists rejected both. Liberal feminism , like the first wave, sought only to include and improve society. Second wave feminism believed that society should change at the core and shift away from patriarchal order.Show MoreRelatedFeminism And The First, Second, Or Third Wave1272 Words   |  6 PagesWhen referring to the history of feminism in the manner of the first, second, or third wave, one is undermining the experiences that were ongoing during, in middle of, and before those waves that history defines. What ideologies of oppression were being spoken of to raise awareness and whose experience was being excluded/diminished? The articulation of feminism in using the metaphor of waves to describe how the ideologies peaked and rescinded, is incorrect because it focuses only on the voices ofRead MoreFriedan And The Feminine Mystique By Betty Friedan1210 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is the fight for equality between the sexes. It can be dated back to the mid-19th century with women like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The first wave feminist procured the right to vote for American women. The following second and third waves built upon what the founding feminists created. The second wave of feminism was set off by the disenchantment women across America were experiencing. This disenchantment was caused by the nuclear family and the roles that the women inRead MoreThree Waves Of Feminism Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History Of The Three Waves Of Feminism Seeing the title the first thing that comes to our mind is â€Å" What is Feminism†? feminism is a belief where a woman s needs and their contributions are valued. It’s based on the social, political and economical equality for women. It is also described as a movement. Where women are fighting for their right since evolution. Now, what about the word â€Å"wave†? The word â€Å"wave† which categorizes feminism because it illustrates the forward motion- of theRead MoreFeminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,1011 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. Now not all types or waves of feminism is wrong, but third wave, or the most recent, should not be supported, because they often tell myths that are just not true or usually use aRead More Feminism And Women s Suffrage Essay1360 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is a critique of patriarchy, on the one hand, and an ideology committed to women’s emancipation on the other. The feminist movement can be see mainly in 3 stages in the UK. It can be argued that feminism had its day due to lack of momentum behind a third and fourth stage of its movement resulting in a decline of feminism in this generation. In this essay, I will be focusing more attention on the first and second waves of feminism compared to third stage of feminism. The first wave of feminismRead MoreThe Political And Cultural Challenges That Feminists Have Contested Over Time Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesthe history of feminism into three waves; first, second and third. The first wave concentrated on women’s suffrage, the second wave focused on political and cultural disparities and the third wave analysed the definitions of femininity which takes a broad view of white upper class women. This essay will compare and contrast these waves examining the social, political and cultural challenges that feminists have contested over time. It will also discuss whether or not a fourth wave exists and seeksRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreFeminism : A Viable Social Scientific Approach933 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion Two Feminism has evolved to become a viable social scientific approach for investigating the social world surrounding us. This approach has witnessed several transformations, referred to as waves, with each representing a different set of actors, claims and organization. Throughout the history of the United States, and broadly western societies, feminist waves altered political, social and cultural orders changing them to the overall benefit of women (Maclaran, 2015). Despite their variationsRead MoreThe Roots Of Feminism : The Fight For Equality1304 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism at its roots was a challenge to patriarchal standards and the exclusion of women from the workplace. Women since the early 1850s have been fighting for equality whether it be for respect or representation in politics, women wanted the same rights as men. The core of feminism although similar in all aspects there are fluxes in the motive behind the motive during the next century and decades. The women’s movement was originally meant for working class white women who wanted to be equal toRead MoreThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pages The sexualisation and popularization of Feminism within the 21ST century Introduction Feminism as an idea has been actively intersected and integrated within the western mainstream pop culture progressively since the beginning of the 21st century. Some of the largest players in the current mainstream music scene not only identify as feminist but also encourage their millions of fans to do the same. While this could potentially be a positive influence on a movement that has struggled to gain larger

Ethical Analysis Of Organization Accounting - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Analysis Of Organization Accounting. Answer: Introduction Ethics is nothing but dignified ideas and standards of human conducts and moral behaviors. It incorporates the disciplines of esteem, for example, the equality of all men and women, mortal or characteristic rights, compliance to the laws of a region, concern for wellbeing and security of others and so on. Accounting refers to the classification and management of the business or of the financial trades and sorting, confirming, and maintaining a detailed report of the outcomes of a particular organization or even an individual. In short, accountants plan, investigate and keep up the budgetary records. Accountants usually work for a company, operating with the company's accounts. Accountants may deal with an assortment of assignments, which includes been associated with an organization's financial activities or different installments. There are numerous types of varieties of an accountants designation depending on the work field of the respective accountants. From accounting clerks to a n auditor everyone has somewhat extraordinary and unique obligations and duties. This report analyses the basic ethics an accountant needs to maintain or should develop over the course of work life. Views of different authors regarding the need for ethics among accountants have also been discussed in this report. Discussion Integrity Honesty is an essential principle in the field of accountancy. It is expected that accountants are to be completely transparent, honest and candid with a customer's financial data. Accountants need to limit themselves from any individual benefits or advantages which can be gained by utilizing confidential data of the customers. While differences or variation in feelings concerning the accountancy laws exists, competent accountants need to make sure a significant distance from the scope of betrayal and have control over money related particulars are maintained (Alleyne 2014). Almost all public or governmental accountancy business firms often construct moral codes for accountants to follow. The aforementioned ethical norms or guidelines make certain that accountants function with uniformity while maintaining proper ethics. Even in the case where particular tenets or measured precautions are not defined, accountants should audit their activities to guarantee they are following commonly acknowledged standards. A dilemma related to trustworthiness occurs typically when accountants, in the case of working in an open practice or performing internal task or even in case of evaluating administrations, are influenced by the director or anyone having superior authorities, have the urge to agree to customers demands with conceivably physically misquoted money related explanations (Mintz 2014). The familiar reasoning for such pressure includes desire to gain profit, meeting or surpassing scheduled work or expanding income over an earlier period. The legitimization that it is a one-time task is ordinarily given by superiors to persuade an accountant to oblige, yet only once in a while does it work that way. Once an organization begins to control and exploit its profit, it slides down the notorious moral tricky incline, and frequently there is no turning back. To have integrity means to be transparent and fair in all fields of expertise and business connections. This central rule requires an expert accountant not to be convoluted but sincere and unbiased in doing his work (Amponsah, Boateng and Onuoha 2016). Uprightness is vital in the work life of an accountant and in the profession itself. Its absence can have a significant impact in the work field in general. Impartialness and Independence Objectivity and autonomy are essential moral esteem in the calling of accountancy. Accountants must steer clear of unethical circumstances and other flawed business matters when leading tasks regarding administrations. Not being able to stay on course and maintain autonomy may cause hindrance to the accountants ability to present a legit interpretation of an organization's financial activities. Objectivity and freedom are additionally of essential moral values for inspectors. The accountancy businesses more often than not restrict the number of services that a particular accountant can offer to the customers (Nitzl and Hirsch 2016). The profession of accountancy administrations incorporates accounting, reviewing and managing consultancy services. Accountants who implement multiple policies among these, for a customer, have the risk of losing their objectivity and freedom. For instance, internal accountants who are entrusted with the duties of reviewing a companys financial activities may choose to conceal or even alter the relevant data to make a more suitable statement for the company. Professional proficiency The concept of professional proficiency or ability involves the actions and mindsets required of the accountants that maintain a certain level of understanding of the profession. Accountants need to work persistently by maintaining appropriate skill and specialization standards while providing deft administration. Maintaining a certain degree of authority has the need of an exhaustive comprehension of applied specialization in development and in the business endeavors (Caglio and Cameran 2017). Confidentiality Confidentiality is of utmost importance in the work field of accountancy. The revelation of data or activities related to the finances of the customer may have devastating consequences. Accountancy experts should not uncover to an outsider, expose or reveal any classified data that they obtain through a business relationship unless the customer particularly approves the accountant to do as such (Azimi and Naim 2015). Access to the information by any person who isn't especially endorsed to get the information for a genuine reason should be confined from the association's part. The classification guideline shields a business from its adversaries supports an association's undertakings to keep up the association's high grounds and keeps the interruption of different organizations under control (Fu 2014). The specific case to this need is the legal duty not to uncover the information. Clients view accountants as workers bound by strict guides. Accountants, thus, must complete appropriate controls to ensure that trust as needed by the expert set of standards. For example, accountants ought to advise subordinates of the sense of duty regarding assurance of the security and uprightness of information. An accountant must ensure that interior staff people, who give direction or help, respect the accountant's commitment to the protection of data. The accountant moreover should screen subordinates' activities to insist this need is being met. Such security measures help to ensure a client won't sue the accountant as a result of insubordination of commitment and that the accountant's reputation won't be hurt on account of powerlessness to shield private information (Nathan 2015). It's basic that no new information is used directly by the accountant for deceitful or unlawful purposes. Involving in such acts breaks the trust between the client and the accountant. Likewise, keeping up the security of client records is one of the accountant's pivotal commitments and should be m aintained under any circumstances. Conclusion Everything in life can be viewed from both a negative and a positive perspective. It depends on the persons choice as to whether or not adhere to an ethical system. Each accountant will most certainly be confronted with multiple moral problems at various points of his or her work life. Accountants likewise have to settle on moral choices consistently amid the customary course of their profession. It is critical that accountants try to maintain their professional frameworks with eminence and righteousness. It is inhuman to consider that each individual can illuminate every single moral predicament and thus it is imperative to realize that there are support and assets accessible to the accountants who need it. Dealing with the moral atmosphere of an association isn't undemanding given the numerous factors that can work against it, both inner and outer elements involving the firm. Corporate morals policies do not necessarily eliminate nor does it settle most of the astounding conflicts of kind regard that rise in various social and budgetary fields today. Over the coming days, managers' undertakings to fortify the ethical air in their affiliations will be of significant importance for agents, for the functionality of the associations and for the society to move around at will. References Alleyne, P., Weekes-Marshall, D., Estwick, S. and Chaderton, R., 2014. Factors Influencing Ethical Intentions Among Future Accounting Professionals in the Caribbean.Journal of Academic Ethics,12(2), pp.129-144. Amponsah, E.B., Boateng, P.A. and Onuoha, L.N., 2016. Lack of Integrity among Ghanaian Accounting Academics: Upshot on Employers' Operational Costs.Journal of Accounting and Finance,16(2), p.87. Azimi, D. and Naim, M., 2015. Impact of Organization Internal Factors on Ethical Intensity of Accountants in Afghanistan. Caglio, A. and Cameran, M., 2017. Is it Shameful to be an Accountant? GenMe Perception (s) of Accountants' Ethics.Abacus,53(1), pp.1-27. Fu, W., 2014. The impact of emotional intelligence, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction on ethical behavior of Chinese employees.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.137-144. Mintz, S., 2014. Maintaining Integrity and Objectivity.The CPA Journal,84(10), p.56. Nathan, D., 2015. How South African societal and circumstantial influences affect the ethical standards of prospective South African Chartered Accountants.African Journal of Business Ethics,9(1). Nitzl, C., Nitzl, C., Hirsch, B. and Hirsch, B., 2016. The drivers of a superiors trust formation in his subordinate: The managermanagement accountant example.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,12(4), pp.472-503.

Sainsburys Marketing Strategies

Sainsbury’s was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Sainsbury. The name came from John James’s surname.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsbury’s Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today the company has grown to become one of the largest supermarkets in UK operating about 1,000 stores, including 440 convenience stores with a labor force of about 150,000 people (J Sainsbury plc / Business strategy objectives). The companys business strategies and objectives are based on their strong values and cultures. Their main objectives include providing quality food, general merchandise and clothing, developing complementary channels and services, developing new business, and finally growing space as well as creating property values. From these objectives and strategies, one will later observe and see how the company has segmented its market within the country. Turban Efraim defined customer service in Sainsbury as â€Å"a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction, that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation† (12). Sainsbury puts its customers at the heart of everything they do. Massive investments have been done in the stores, labor force as well as into their distribution channels in order to ensure the customers receive the best customer service. Sainsbury operations are mainly based in the UK, their main office being based in London. Its positioning in the UK gives it a competitive advantage compared to other retail supermarkets within the country.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Today the supermarket has over 785 stores in the UK, consequently, this does only increase its market share but also improves on its customer service because of convenience o f the stores. Apart from having a number of stores across the UK, they are mainly located within an easy reach to bus stops as well as nearest malls. Sainsbury differential advantage arises from one of its marketing strategies, which are product differentiations. Barney Hesterley defined product differentiation as â€Å"the ultimate expression of the creativity of individuals and groups within the firms† (20). Differentiation involves creating a product or service that enables a firm to stand out from other similar firms in the industry. Differentiation can be achieved through brand image, changing product design and features, improving customer service as well as expanding the company’s network. From Sainsbury’s point of view, the retail store has successfully differentiated its products as well as the services. The companys network is massive, having covered major cities in the UK. Also, each customer base has its own products with different features, for exa mple, the youth have special malls for their entertainment, and the kids have toy shops. The main marketing strategies employed by Sainsbury are market segmentation. Market segmentation can be explained as the division of a market into unique groups of buyers, who require separate products. Market segmentation can also be referred to as the division of a market into smaller markets having buyers with the same characteristics, where a company will be able to meet its needs successfully hence satisfying its customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sainsbury’s Marketing Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Markets can be segmented in terms of geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral variables. From the research conducted, Sainsbury has segmented its markets using almost all the variables. For example, the company has stores almost in every city of the UK; its markets have also been segm ented using demographic variables. Segmentation by demographic variables involves the segmentation by the use of demographic factors, such as age, sex family size, family life cycle, income, education, occupation, religion, race and nationality. Sainsbury has also been able to segment its markets according to psychographic variables. Market segmentation has proved to be very valuable to Sainsbury. Many benefits have resulted from it segmenting these include the following among others; the company has been able to improve on its customer service standards hence increasing the sales volume and eventually profits, the company has also been able to concentrate its resources on the chosen segments as well being able to review developments and anticipate changes in the segments from competitive activities (Supply Chain Management Case Study Sainsbury s Supply Chain Strategies – College Essay – Arghavankayvani). Sainsbury main customer target is the family unit especially the mother. My reasoning has been derived from the company’s website as well as the advertisements on the TV. The company uses a marketing mix to attract this segment. Marketing mix also known as the 4ps refers to the combination of product, price, promotion and place. Sainsbury ensures that its products are of high quality, for example, in the food sector, the company has been involved in promoting healthy food eating. In trying to promote this product the company used one of the renowned chefs to be part of its advertising campaign. The main target of its food products is the family especially the mother, who ensures healthy eating of the family members. Also I analyzed their website and found it to be very informative.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are various pictures for the various products that are offered at the stores. Also their products are of high quality being produced using the top manufacturing skills. The prices of the various products have been found to be pocket friendly. As compared to other stores in the UK, for example, Tesco and Asda, Sainsbury prices are quite cheap. The company has been involved in price awareness campaigns, where it educated the customers on various price changes as well as various discounts for new products. Sainsbury ensures that the products of this target group are easily available, and the costumers are able to get them at their convenience, which has been evident in the expansion programs where many stores have been opened; these stores are mainly located next to bus stops or residential areas. In trying to make the customers aware of its products, Sainsbury has been involved in many promotion activities, for example, the recent advertisement where they were promoting healthy eating. This advertisement involved the use of one of the top chefs. The use vouchers or coupons are another marketing promotion strategy used by Sainsbury. The issue of vouchers and coupons to customers increases customer retention as well as increased sales. However, these vouchers at times can be costly up to millions of pounds. Marketing segmentation can sometimes be very expensive for a company because the company has to come up with various marketing strategies that meet the standards or needs for every segment of the market. For example, products for the kids have to be promoted using different tactics; for the teenagers promotion has to be done using another mode. We have also seen that Sainsbury vouchers which are worth millions of pounds, at times when the company does not make profits, may give the coupons to its customers. Sainsbury still has a wide range of opportunities. The Company should consider going international and opening stores in various continents. Works Cit ed Barney, Jay, and William Hesterley. Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage Concepts. New Jersey: Pearson prentice Hall, 2006. Print. Efraim, Turban. Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. â€Å"J Sainsbury plc / Business strategy objectives.† J Sainsbury plc / Home. N.p., n.d. Web. â€Å"Supply Chain Management Case Study Sainsbury s Supply Chain Strategies – College Essay – Arghavankayvani.† Free Term Papers, Research Papers, Essays, Book Notes | StudyMode.com. N.p., n.d. Web. This essay on Sainsbury’s Marketing Strategies was written and submitted by user Omari Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Accounting information systems (AIS) The WritePass Journal

Advantages and Disadvantages of Accounting information systems (AIS) Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages of Accounting information systems (AIS) IntroductionType and nature of both the risks and the security threatsNature of riskType of RiskType of Security ThreatsSecurity Strategies/Measures  Control ProcedureConclusionRelated Introduction Accounting information systems (AIS) have experienced vast changes in several decades, improving from paper-based journals and ledgers to completely automated, paperless systems. However, the migration from paper to computer has its risks to the company. It contains the confidential information which becomes compromised if it is unprotected. The unauthorized use of the accounting system can be misused and involved in risking loss of the information, disastrous and bad data input. Security of accounting systems is a priority in many companies. In recent decades, the changing environment has posed a threat to the company. As a system accountant of a large established UK based Retail Company specialising in the sale of household electrical appliances, it is necessary to consider the risks and the security threats that the company would face in today’s business environment. According to Tony Boczko, risk is related to the likelihood of loss, the probability of mischance and the possibility of hazard or harm. Moreover, risk can be defined in several ways such as the chance of bad consequences, the exposure to mischance and the probability of loss. These risks and threats can lead an undesirable impact on both the present and future of the company’s financial activities and stability. Type and nature of both the risks and the security threats Nature of risk The nature and source of the risks can be distinguished into two primary sources of risk which can be categorized as the event/activity-based risk and resource/asset-based risk. By referring to Tony Boczko 2007 (pp. 681), he mentioned that event/activity-based risk is defined as the risk which is associated with the particular event/ activity or the group of activities/ events. The resource/ asset- based risk is the subsidiary primary source which can be defined as the risk which is associated with the possession and use of the resource/ asset or the group of recources/ assets. In addition, Tony Boczko 2007(pp. 681) mentioned that the source of risk can be categorized into four associated secondary sources of risks such as authorized internal employee and external agent-based risk, unauthorized persons-based risk and nature-based risk. The case of the authorized internal employee/ external agent-based risk is the possible loss which can be resulted from the unintentional or deliberate errors. Unauthorized persons-based risk is most likely involved in the risk of possible loss which can be resulted in the possible breaches of security and misappropriation of assets and information. The nature based risk is involved in the risk of possible loss which is resulted from the geographical disaster or meteorological conditions. Type of Risk What are the different types of risks? There a number of differing types of risk that can affect the household electrical appliances company in today’s business environment. One of the risks is unintentional error. Unintentional error is the error which is related to the inadvertent mistake and erroneous actions attributable to the bad judgement in decision making, ignorance and inattention. The unintentional errors that happened through computerized systems are always at of risk power failure of the computer, viruses attack and end up with losing the important information of the company such as financial documents. Furthermore, problems with computerized system could lead to a standstill in usage of the database. When the household electrical appliances company is focus and reliant on the accounting information system, the unintentional error due to the power and computer outage could lead to a work disruption. Work disruption can disable the input of the information of the c ompany can access to the stored information. Additionally, if the data is not backed up properly, the company will end up lost its important data. Risk such as deliberate errors can cause the company with the bad and serious implications. According to Tony Boczko 2007(pp. 682), deliberate errors can be explained as the conscious erroneousness and incorrectness whose occurrences are designed to damage, destroy and defraud a person, group of persons and organization. Such errors are intentional and premeditated. What if there is ‘someone’ else hosting its precious and valuable data? ‘Someone’ refers to the hacker. Hacking is the illegal action which involved in gaining unauthorized access to the company accounting information system to steal and get the data illegally. The big news of the hacking system is NASA’s system. ‘In 2002, Gary McKinnon was arrested by the UKs national high-tech crime unit, after being accused of hacking into NASA and the US military computer networks.’ (BBC NEWS, 2006) Besides that, the hacker ‘The hacker has also denied that he had made Washingtons com puter system inoperable, although he did admit he may have deleted some government files by accidentally pressing the wrong key’. (Jo Best, 2005). Deliberate errors brought a serious implication to the company. Besides that, natural disaster is also counted as the serious type of risk in today’s business environment. ‘A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake, or landslide). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting loss depends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called their resilience’. (Wikipedia, 2011) As a household electrical appliances company, if it is suffered from the natural disaster such as floods. Floods can destroy drainage computer system and cause the raw sewage to spill with water. Besides that, building and company’s equipments can be also damaged due to the floods. It will lead to the catastrophic effects on the environment as the toxic such as gasoline will be released and caused pollution. Floods can cause a huge amount of money losses to the business. Type of Security Threats In today’s business environment, there are many computer frauds and computer crimes through computerized accounting information systems. Fraud can be defined as ‘deceit, trickery, sharp practice, or breach of confidence, perpetrated for profit or to gain some unfair or dishonest advantage. In the broadest sense, a fraud is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual’. (Wikipedia, 2011) As a household electrical appliances company, the internal employees or managers as well as the shareholders can be also fraud through the computerized accounting information system. The information stored electronically can be manipulated and accessed if proper controls and security measures are not taken place. This will affect the operation of the business. Fraud such as account takeover is a serious activity which always happens in today’s business environment. ‘An account takeover can happen when a fraudster poses as a genuine cu stomer, gains control of an account and then makes unauthorized transactions’. (Action fraud) The information of account holders such as credit card can be taken over by those fraudsters. Los Angeles attorney Christopher Painter said: If you have an explosive growth on the Internet, youre going to have this great huge growth in fraudulent conduct and crime committed over the internet. (BBC NEWS, 1999) From this evidence, we can see that there is a security threat on today’s business through the computerized accounting information system. Fraudster can be sued if they found out by people. For example, ‘Bank of America and two of its former bosses have been charged with fraud for allegedly misleading shareholders during the takeover of Merrill Lynch’. (guardian.co.uk, 2010) There are few types of fraud, such as false billing, financial fraud, advanced fee frauds, identity theft and phishing. In false billing scam, the fraudster will send out a so-called invoice for a particular product or service that are never be ordered, fraudster hope that it will be paid for sure from the victim without any investigation. This activity usually happened in large business organization, it is because large business organization has a billing or payments system which used to pay the invoice of the company, fraudster sends out those fake invoices and hope that this will be unnoticed by the large business organizations. ‘Phishing is a way of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication’. (Wikipedia, 2011) It is dangerous for today’s business operation, it is because instead of stealing the personal and business information, ‘phishers’ can affect the computer with the viruses and convince the victim in order to participate in money laundering. Another security threat is computer crime, according to Tony Boczko 2007 (pp. 691), he mentioned that computer crime can be defined as the deliberate action to gain access to, or steal, damage or destroy the computer data without authorization. Computer crime involves in the activity of dishonest manipulation of computer programs or computer-based data. It also involves in the fraudulent use/abuse of computer access and resources for personal gain. The types of computer crime such as the inappropriate use of corporate information systems, theft of computer and hardware, unauthorized access and information theft or the fraudulent modification of data and programs, system failure and premeditated virus infection and disruptive software. It is hard to define a computer crime; it is because computer crime is always and easily be happened in the business organization. People might think that fraud is also kind of computer crime. It is a wide context in security threats. As a household electrical appliances company, premeditated virus infection such as spyware, it gathers the users and client’s information and relays it to the third party such as advertisers. Spyware can monitor operation of the computer, scan the important information and files, snoop on the private applications such as chat programs. By reading the cookies and change the default web browser, spyware can consistently relaying the information from the database. It is dangerous for the business organization, because if their competitors spy into their programs and get the costs and type of materials of the electrical appliances as well as the client’s contact number, the business organization will be easily defeated by competitors. There is a latest issue about the Sony PlayStation Network which involved in the identity theft. ‘Up to 3 million Britons are believed to be among the 77 million users of Sonys PlayStation Network, which has been hacked into by criminals who have stolen users personal information, possibly including credit card details’. (Charles Arthur and Keith Stuart, 2011) ‘Sony, which shut down the online games, movies and music delivery system last week after it was attacked by hackers, has said that although names, birthdates, e-mail addresses and log-in information were compromised for certain players, it has seen no evidence that credit data was taken, but cannot rule out the possibility’. (Richard Newman, 2011) Security Strategies/Measures Due to the vulnerability of the computerized accounting information system, it is easy to be attacked by internal and external people of the business organization. It is necessary to implement some methods to solve the serious issues. According to American Institute of CPAs In order to protect the business organization from the attack of risk and security threats, , TOP Technology Initiatives Task Force, which is a group of the technologically astute members of the CPA profession and other technology professionals, collaborated in the AICPAs Top Technology Initiatives project, seeking to identify the most important technology initiatives. The first method is enhancing the information security such as upgrade the hardware and software in order to protect the information systems from the security threats. Company should implement and upgrade the level of firewall which blocks the intrusion from the internet. Update the anti-virus programs with the logins of password and username to limit access. Besides that, company should hire the experienced network integrator to check whether it is work properly with the security patches. Additionally, company can have a security audit for the independent confirmation on the company’s financial data and client’s information. Through this process, business organization can be protected. The other method is disaster and business continuity planning. It is an activity which involves in the developing, monitoring and updating of the climate change, accident and other malicious destruction. It can prevent the business organization to loss their important information. It is because having the computerized accounting information system down for few hours or few days due to the natural disaster; could lead a bad impact to the profitability and liquidity of the business organization. So, business organization should plan and design a process to keep the system stable to prevent any losses.   Control Procedure According to Tony Boczko 2007(pp. 729), he mentioned that the internal control which comprises the processes or procedures within a business organization designed to provide a reasonable assurance that business objective- primarily the maximization of shareholder wealth which can be achieved and those undesired events can be prevented or corrected. The internal control related to the management control. It can be defined as a diverse range of activities designed to conduct, direct and control business activities and ensure the consistency with corporate business objective. For example auditors, their role is to audit the business organization’s internal control policies, to assure that the control within the departments is under controls and adequate, it can help in control the financial statement to prevent the financial loss in order to achieve the mission of business organization. Furthermore, internal control such as risk assessment is also needed to be taken place in every business organization. It is an effective control procedure helps in protecting company. According to health and safety executive, the risk assessment, instead of creating the huge amounts of paperwork, but rather about identifying sensible measures to control the risks in the business organization. Risk assessment is help to protect people by putting in place measures to control those risks.   As a household of electrical appliances company, risk assessment is a good starting point; manager can actually investigate and look for the hazard which may cause harm to the business organization. Furthermore, a critical thinking about how the accident could happen and who will be influenced could help in noticing and monitoring the risk. Once the managers identify the risk, it will be easily to control and put a suitable measure on it. Conclusion As a conclusion, accounting information system brings a lot of disadvantages to the organization in today’s business environment, but accounting information system combines the study and practice of the accounting with the concept of designing, implementing, controlling and monitoring the information systems. It also combines the modern information technology and the traditional accounting system to provide a better financial system to manage and improve the financial performance of the organization.

The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs

The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs Heroism is a characteristic that entails a demonstration of unique traits by an individual, beyond ordinary expectations. The story of Gilgamesh and his achievements in the Epic of Gilgamesh portrays him as a true hero of the people.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the story, Gilgamesh, the protagonist, demonstrates many character traits that pass him for a hero. Gilgamesh demonstrates high skillfulness in his work. Besides, he is intelligent and possesses great courage. The fact that Gilgamesh is ready to die for the sake of his people, also shows that he is selfless, a character of a true hero. From the story therefore, it is in order to argue that Gilgamesh’s search for immortality is suitably heroic as developed in this paper. To begin with, it is quite evident that throughout the story, Gilgamesh demonstrates his ch aracter as a leader with high skilfulness. According to Kovacs Gilgamesh â€Å"is strong to perfection†¦an awesome beast with unmatched strength and a chant that fosters armies†¦leads his tribe into battle fearlessly and defeats everyone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (8). Gilgamesh, as a skilful warrior, leads fellow warriors of his tribe to fight their enemies and in no occasion do they lose a battle. His strength is unrivalled; he has been able to slay even the most feared men like the highly feared Humbaba. In fact, his successful demonstration that he could fight Humbaba makes people of Urok village to fear him for such act is a great achievement. The task he accomplishes by slaying Humbaba has made the Great Gilgamosh to cower since his strength is incomparable to someone who was once their king. The revelation that the people of his tribe are angered by even small things just but demonstrates their confidence in Gilgamesh; they are confident that even if they go to fight with any t ribe, their king will not let them down. Gilgamesh is a man of great intelligence; throughout his reign as a king, he demonstrates great intelligence through the way he governs his people.Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He naturally possesses hindsight of what is likely to happen to his people and prepares in advance to overcome it. Besides, Gilgamesh has the ability to make wise decisions on urgent matters concerning his people (Heather Para. 9). This ability has earned his tribe a good name; a powerful tribe. By accepting to challenge Humbaba, Gilgamesh knows he could convince his people that he is strong and powerful and could actually slay the beast. It takes intelligence for an individual to look up and heed the counsel of the wise and for Gilgamesh he heeded his mother’s words of wisdom; Gilgamesh’s mother convinces him that Enkidu is a true friend not an enemy in disguise. The epic portrays Gilgamesh as a selfless man. Being selfless is one of the characters that people do admire in a hero. Selflessness as a character trait that â€Å"requires an individual to put his/her personal needs aside to care for other people’s needs even if it requires a sacrifice that would not benefit him/her† (Prine 23). By agreeing to fight Humbaba, Gilgamesh verily knows that it is possible that he may die during the fight; nevertheless, his selfless character compels him to take the risk and the fact that he is ready to die for his people’s safety passes him for a true hero. Only few people can give their lives for the sake of others and this move by Gilgamesh qualifies him as a true hero. His selfless nature also comes out when he fights the sky sent-bull (earthquake). When an earthquake hits his tribe, nine dozen people die but Gilgamesh does not flee to save his life; he simply stays put because he knows his people need him at a time like this. The earthquake incident further reveals his selfless nature as a true hero. Finally, Gilgamesh demonstrates high degree of courage that portrays him as a hero. His acceptance to fight Humbaba, a great fighter, shows great courage because he does not fear death, which is a possible outcome from this fight. His courageous nature comes out when he manages to climb up the steep cliff on Mt. Mashu. He does not cower midway but goes up until he reaches the top of the cliff. At the top, Gilgamesh meets the scorpion guard who reveals to him that in the past, no one had ever climbed to the top of that cliff. This revelation by the scorpion guard further brings out the courageous nature of Gilgamesh; he manages to do what no other man has done before and that’s what true heroes do; they go where no ordinary man has ever gone.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Epic of Gilgamesh a Story by Maureen Kovacs specifically f or you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the epic, it is evident that Gilgamesh’s search for immortality is suitably heroic because his character throughout the story demonstrates that he is indeed a hero. Many at times he has done things that underscore his courageous nature. As a leader, Gilgamesh shows great intelligence. In the battle field, Gilgamesh is a skilful warrior. Finally he is a selfless man ready to die for his people’s safety. Heather, Leah. True Love Conquers All Love and Heroes in the Epic of Gilgamesh, 2006. Web. Kovacs, Maureen. Trans. The Epic of Gilgamesh. California: Stanford University Press, 1989. Print. Prine, Jackson. The Epic of Gilgamesh. Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1997.

Works Ethics Focusing on Engineering Ethics Term Paper

Works Ethics Focusing on Engineering Ethics - Term Paper Example To enhance the effectiveness in engineering work the association has a code of ethics that every engineer must follow. First, a professional engineer must follow some fundamental canons in regard to completion of their expertise duties. They are required to perform services in areas within their competence. Safety, welfare, and health of the public should be held paramount. The statement offered by a professional engineer must be released in a truthful and objective manner. Engineers must be trustees or faithful agents for clients or employers. They should conduct themselves responsibly, ethically, honorably, and lawfully in order to enhance the reputation and honor of their professional importance. Secondly, professional engineers’ duties are guided by regulations of practice. Regarding their duties towards the society, they need to notify the appropriate authority in case of circumstances endangering property or life of people before they overrule any judgment. Engineers sha ll not disclose data and facts without the preceding consent of an authorized employer or client according to the law (Davis 34). The only documents engineering shall use will be those in conformity with the standards applicable. They shall not use and allow associates in business or their names to engage in dishonest or fraudulent enterprises. Following their performances in their areas of competency, they also need to act appropriately.  Engineers serving publicly as advisors, employees or members of a department shall not give directions with respect to solicited services either provided by themselves or business in public or private engineering practice.